Collection Decalz | Lockerz

Collection Decalz | Lockerz

Tugas Structure

 Septian Nugroho Wicaksono 

A320110045

A. Present progressive = am  + (base form + -ing) :  I am working.  OR is + (base form + -ing) : She is eating. OR  are + (base form + -ing) :  We are studying.
                 Example:

                  a.       A: He is speaking.

N: He is not speaking.

Q: Is he speaking?

b.      A: He is writing some texts.

N: He is not writing some texts.

Q: Is he writing some texts?

c.       A: He is cooking fried rice.

N: He is not cooking fried rice.

Q: Is he cooking fried rice?

d.      A: He is singing in his bed.

N: He is not singing in his bed.

Q: Is he singing in his bed?

B. Past progressive = was  + (base form + -ing) : I was working.  OR were + (base form + -ing) : They were eating.

                 Example :

a.       A: He was speaking.

N: He was not speaking.

Q: Was he speaking?

b.      When I was cleaning my bed my mother was cooking in the kitchen.

c.       When I was watching TV my father called me.

d.      A: He was writing.

N: He was not writing.

Q: Was he writing?

e.      When I was reading a book my mother was watering flowers at the garden.

f.        When I was watching TV my father came.

D. Present perfect progressive = have + (base form + -ing): I have been working.  OR has + (base form + -ing): She has been eating.

1. This tense emphasizes the duration of an activity that began in the past and continues into the present.  It often uses time words or phrases. It may be used to refer to continuing activity that is recent.

                 Example :

a.       A: He has been speaking.

N: He has not been speaking.

Q: Has he been speaking?

b.      A: He has been reading magazine.

N: He has not been reading magazine.

Q: Has he been reading magazine?

c.       A: He has been listening to musics.

N: He has not listening to musics.

Q: Has he been listening to musics?

d.      A: He has been sleeping.

N: He has not been sleeping.

Q: Has he been sleeping?

e.      I have been watching TV for two hours (+)

f.        He has been playing football since elementary school (+)

g.       Marina has not been learning english for two years (-)

h.      Have you been reading a book for an hour ? (?)

E. Past perfect progressive  = had + (base form + -ing) : I had been working. He had been eating.

           

Example :

a.       A: He had been speaking.
N: He had not been speaking.
Q: Had he been speaking?

b.      He had been living in Jakarta about ten years (+)

He had not been living in Jakarta about ten years (-)

Had He been living in Jakarta about ten years ? (?)

c.       He had been staying in Banyumas about ten years (+)

He had not been staying in Banyumas about ten years (-)

Had He been staying in Banyumas about ten years ? (?)

                 d.      A: He had been reading.
                       N: He had not been reading.
                       Q: Had he been reading?

F. Future perfect progressive = will  have + (base form + -ing): I will have been working. She will have been eating.

This tense emphasizes the duration of a continuing activity in the future that ends before another activity or time in the future.

                 Example :

a.       I will be watching a movie tonight (+).

I will not be watching a movie tonight (-).

Will you be watching a movie tonight ? (?).

b.      I will be reading a book tonight (+).

I will not be reading a book tonight (-).

Will you be reading a book tonight ? (?).

c.       I will be writing a letter tonight (+).

I will not be writing a letter tonight (-).

Will you be writing a letter tonight ? (?).

d.      I will be playing table tennis tonight (+).

I will not be playing table tennis tonight (-).

Will you be playing table tennis tonight ? (?).

SUMBER 

Modals

MAY and MUST

1.       MAY

a.       Possibility

Example:

a.       She may be smart

b.      He may be rich

c.       Andi may be at home

d.      It may rain

e.      You may win the contest

f.        It may rain tomorrow

g.       They may go to the party

h.      I may watch TV

i.         Budi may stay at the party after midnight

j.        Our team may become the winner of this competition

b.      Request permission

Example:

a.       May I have another cup of coffee?

b.      May I use your motorcycle?

c.       May I smoke here?

d.      May I leave this class?

e.      May I go to toilet?

f.        May I borrow your eraser?

g.       May I borrow your phone?

h.      May I go to the beach mom?

i.         May I use your bathroom?

j.        May I make a phone call?

2.       MUST

a.       Prohibition

Example:

a.       You must not make noise in the library

b.      You must not eat in the class

c.       You must not sleep in the class

d.      You must not speak loudly in the hospital

e.      You must not smoke in the hospital

f.        They must not play at our garden

g.       We must not come late to the class

h.      We must not make noise at the class

i.         We must not throw rubbish at anyway

j.        We must not make a call when at class

b.      Necessity / obligation

Example:

a.       You must tell the truth to the police

b.      I must get up early tomorrow

c.       You must call me when you arrive

d.      You must do your homework

e.      You must listen to your lecture

f.        You must fasten your seat belt

g.       We must give place to old people

h.      We must throw litter to the stairs

i.         You must honor your parent

j.        You must knock the door before you enter to my room

c.       Recommendation

Example:

a.       You must take a rest for some time

b.      You must take some medicine for your cough

c.       You must listen this song

d.      You must study hard to get good score

e.      You must ask teacher if you don’t understand what the teacher say

f.        We must be careful when across that way

g.       She must see the doctor to check up her healthy

h.      You must watch this movie, it’s very cool

i.         Because it’s rain, you must take your umbrella

j.        You must clean your room

Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause dinamakan juga RELATIVE CLAUSE yaitu Clause (anak kalimat) yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adjective yang menerangkan keadaan noun atau pronoun. Untuk lebih jelasnya penjelasan mengenai Adjective Clause, perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini:

Contoh:

• I have read the book (that) you just mentioned.
  
  Main Clause: I have read the book.
  Subordinate Clause: (that) you just mentioned.

Anak kalimat menerangkan kata benda the book, disebut dengan Adjective Clause

• The lesson (that) she is learning is very difficult.
  
  Main Clause: The lesson is very difficult.
  Subordinate Clause: (that) she is learning.

Berdasarkan pada the Antecedent yang ditunjuk oleh introductory words (kata-kata pendahulunya), Adjective Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 2 macam, yaitu:

1. Relative Pronoun

• Kata Ganti Orang
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah : Who, Whom, Whose, That
  
  Fungsi :
  
  a. Subjek:
  
  - He paid the money to the man who / that had done the work
  
  b. Objek Kata Kerja:
  
  - He paid the man whom/that he had hired.
  
  c. Objek Kata Depan:
  
  - He paid the man from whom he had borrowed the money.
  
  d. Kata Ganti Kepunyaan:
  
  - This is the girl whose picture you saw.

• Benda, Binatang
  
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah: Which, that
  
  Fungsi:
  
  a. Subjek:
  
  - Here is a book which/that describes animals.
  
  b. Objek Kata Kerja:
  
  - The chair which/that he broke is being repaired.
  
  c. Objek Kata Depan:
  
  - She was wearing the coat for which she had paid $2,00.

2. Relative Adverbs

• Waktu
  
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when
  
  - This is the year when the Olympic Games are held.

• Tempat
  
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: where
  
  - Here is the house where I live.

• Alasan
  
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when
  
  - Give me one good reason why you did that.

_________________________

1. Relative Pronoun

Yaitu Adjective Clause dengan memakai kata penghubung Relative Pronoun.

• The boy is called Bob. He gave me a present.
  
  • The boy who gave me a present is called Bob. atau
  • The boy who is called Bob gave me a present.

Beberapa contoh Adjective Clause lainnya:

• The boy whose radio was stolen is a student.
• The girl whom I gave a special reward is a bright student.
• The bike which I borrowed last week was sold.

2. Relative Adverb

Pelajaran tentang ini dibahas lebih lengkap pada Relative Clause. Hal-hal yang perlu ditambahkan di sini, yaitu:

• Kata Why (yang menunjukkan alasan) yang menjadi Adverb penghubung, mungkin (kadang-kadang) dapat digantikan dengan that atau kadang-kadang dapat dihilangkan dalam kalimat.
  
  - The reason (that) I came should be obvious to you.
  - The reason (why) I came should be obvious to you.
  - The reason I came should be obvious to you.

• When atau Where Bering dapat Baling ditukarkan dengan Preposition yang menunjukkan tempat (a preposition of Place) ditambah dengan Which.
  
  - The small town in which (= where) I was born has grown to a large metropolis.
  - The day on which (= when) they were to leave finally arrived.

Kadang-kadang that dapat menggantikan where atau when.

• The day that (or when, on which) the trial was to take place was a stormy one.
• Please suggest a good place that (or where) we can meet

Beberapa Hal Penting yang Berkaitan dengan Adjective Clause

• Perubahan dari Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.
  
  
  • Adjective Clause dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase yang menjelaskan noun tanpa ada perubahan arti kalimat.
  • Hanya Adjective Clause yang mempunyai subjek pronoun: who, which atau that yang dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase.
  • Adjective Clause dengan subjek: whom tidak dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase.
    
    Perhatikan Contoh berikut:
    
    a. Adjective Clause
    
    * The girl who is sitting next to me is Lisa.
    ==> The boy is playing the piano is Bent.
    
    b. Adjective Phrase
    
    * The girl sitting next to me is Lisa.
    ==> The boy playing the piano is Bent.

• Cara mengubah Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.
  
  (1) Subjek pronoun dan verb be dihilangkan.
  
  * Adjective Clause: The man who is talking to Taylor is from Japan.
  * Adjective Phrase: The man talking to Taylor is from Japan.
  
  * Adjective Clause: The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
  * Adjective Phrase: The ideas presented in that book are interesting.
  
  * Adjective Clause: Ali is the man who is responsible for preparing the budget.
  * Adjective Phrase: Ali is the man responsible for preparing the budget.
  
  * Adjective Clause: The books that are on the shelf are mine.
  * Adjective Phrase: The books on the shelf are mine.
  
  (2) Jika tidak ada verb be dalam Adjective Clause, seringkali subjek pronoun dapat dihilangkan dan mengubah kata kerja dalam Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
  
  * Adjective Clause: English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters.
  * Adjective Phrase: English has an alphabet  consisting of 26 letters.
  
  * Adjective Clause: Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome.
  * Adjective Phrase: Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.

• Seringkali Adjective Clause digunakan dalam pola: noun + of which. Pola ini terutama digunakan untuk tulisan bahasa Inggris resmi (formal written English). Dalam pola ini biasanya Adjective Clause menerangkan "sesuatu".
  
  * We have an antique table. The top of it has jade inlay.
  
  • We have an antique table, the top of which has jade inlay.
  • We toured a 300-year-old house. The exterior of the house consisted of logs cemented with clay.
  • We toured a 300-year-old house, the exterior of which consisted of logs cemented with lay.

• Adjective Clause sering digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kuantitas dengan of. Ungkapan kuantitas mendahului pronoun, dan hanya whom, which, dan whose yang digunakan dalam pola ini.
  
  Ungkapan kuantitas dengan "of" antara lain: some of, none of, both of, one of, many of, two of, all of, each of, most of, dll.
  
  * There are 20 students in my class. Most of them are from the Outside Java.
  --> There are 20 students in my class, most of whom are from the Outside Java.
  
  * He gave several reasons. Only a few of them were valid.
  --> He gave several reasons, only a few of which were valid.

• Tanda Baca pada Adjective Clauses
  
  Pedoman umum dalam Tanda Baca pada Adjective Clauses yaitu:
  
  
  • Jangan menggunakan tanda koma bila Adjective Clause diperlukan untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya.
  • Gunakanlah tanda koma bila Adjective Clause hanya berfungsi untuk memberi informasi tambahan dan tidak dimaksudkan untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya.
    
    • Henry whose wife works at a bank came to my house yesterday.
    • Alex, whose wife works at a bank, came to my house yesterday.
  
  Keterangan:
  
  Contoh pertama menggambarkan bahwa Henry memiliki lebih dari 1 istri. Pada kalimat tersebut pembicara ingin mengindentifikasikan istrinya yang bekerja di Bank, bukan yang lainnya.
  
  Sedangkan pada kalimat kedua, kita sudah jelas, kalau Alex memiliki hanya 1 orang istri. Frase yang berada di antara koma hanya memberikan keterangan tambahan saja. Tanpa frase tersebut pun orang lain sudah mengetahuinya kalau istrinya Alex memang bekerja di sebuah Bank karena memang istrinya cuma 1 itu.
  
  Perhatikan contoh berikut ini untuk lebih jelasnya dalam penggunaan tanda koma dalam Adjective Clause.
  
  
  • Soekarno, who is the first President of Republic of Indonesia, could deliver speech well.

Perbedaan antara Adjective Clause dan Noun Clause

Karena adanya kesamaan dalam beberapa kata pendahulunya, maka kadang-kadang antara Noun Clause dan Adjective Clause sering membingungkan.

Ada 2 macam perbedaan yang penting antara dua jenis Clause tersebut: perhatikan contoh berikut ini:

• Adjective Clause biasanya didahului oleh noun atau pronoun yang diterangkan.
  
  Adjective Clause
  
  
  • I know the house where he lives.
  (where he lives mempunyai antecedent the house, yang merupakan objek dari kata know)
  
  Noun Clause
  
  
  • I know where he lives.
  (where he lives adalah objek dari kata know)

Preposisi yang mendahului introductory word adalah milik Adjective Clause dan bukan milik Noun Clause.

Adjective Clause

• The woman to whom he has been giving money is a poor relative of his.

(Adjective Clause dimulai dengan to yang merupakan bentuk a prepositional phrase dengan whom dalam Adjective Clause itu. Dan To dapat diletakkan di bagian belakang Adjective Clause. The woman, whom he has been giving money to, is a poor relative of his).

Noun Clause

• He gives money to whoever needs it.

(The Noun Clause dimulai dengan whoever, seluruh Noun Clause itu adalah objek dari to, yang tidak dapat dipindah letaknya. Dan juga -ever- merupakan bentuk yang hanya bergandeng (mengikuti) dengan Noun Clause.

Adverb Clause

Adverb Clause


Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.

Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).

Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:

1. Clause of Time

Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.

Contoh:

• Shut the door before you go out.
• You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
• While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
• By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
• No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.
  

2. Clause of Place

Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.
Contoh:

• They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
• The guard stood where he was positioned.
• Where there is a will, there is a way.
• Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
• Go where you like.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.
Contoh:

• As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
• Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
• Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
• He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.
  

4. Clause of Manner

Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.
Contoh:

• He did as I told him.
• You may finish it how you like.
• They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.

5. Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.
Contoh:

• They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
• He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
• I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
  

6. Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.
Contoh:

• Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
• It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
• The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
• The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
  

Contoh:

• The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
• I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.
  

Contoh:

• He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
• The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.

Contoh:

• It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
• It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.
  

Contoh:

• She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
• They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
• Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
• This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
  

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Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:

1.       Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll

Contoh:

• Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
• Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
• Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)
  

2.       Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as

Contoh:

• Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
• Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
• As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
• Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.
  

3.       Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.

Contoh:

• Alex failed the test because he didn't study.
• Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.
• Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.
  

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Catatan:

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Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:

1) Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).

Contoh:

a. ADVERB CLAUSE : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

b. MODIFYING PHRASE: While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

2) Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.

Contoh:

a. ADVERB CLAUSE : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.

b. MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.

Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb Clause dan subjek dari main Clause sama.

Contoh:

1. DAPAT DIRUBAH

• While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
• While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.
• Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this country, Mary has made many friends.
  

2. TIDAK DAPAT DIRUBAH

• While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.
• While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.
  

7. Clause of Condition

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.

Contoh:

• If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
• She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
• Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.
• In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
• The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.
• We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary information.
  
  
  

Naun Clause

Noun Clause
Noun Clause adalah Clause yang digunakan sebagai pengganti noun atau berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda). Selain Noun Clause ini, sebenarnya masih ada clause lainnya seperti Adverb Clause dan Adjective Clause. Untuk mendalami penjelasan mengenai Noun Clause, silahkan perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini:

Menurut jenis kalimat asalnya, Noun Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 4 macam, yaitu:

1. Statement (pernyataan)
2. Question (pertanyaan)
3. Request (permintaan)
4. Exclamation (seruan).
   

Penjelasan:

1. Statement

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "that"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Subjek Kalimat

• Kangaroo lives in Australia (statement)
• That Kangaroo lives is Australia is well known to all (Noun Clause)
  

2) Subjek Kalimat setelah "It"

• It is well known to all that Kangaroo lives in Australia
  

3) Objek Pelengkap

• My conclusion is that Kangaroo lives in Australia
  

4) Objek Kata Kerja

• All people understand well that Kangaroo lives in Australia
  

5) Apositif

• My conclusion that Kangaroo lives is Australia is correct.
  

2.      Question

A. Yes/No Question

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "whether (or not/or if)"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:







1) Subjek Kalimat

• Can she drive the car? (Question)
• Whether she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
  = Whether or not she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
  = Whether she can drive the car or not doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
  = Whether or if she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
  

2) Objek Pelengkap

• My question is whether she can drive the car.
  

3) Objek Kata Kerja

• I really wonder whether she can drive the car (or not).
  

4) Objek Kata Depan

• We discussed about whether she can drive the car.
  

B. Wh- Question

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "kata Tanya itu sendiri"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Subjek Kalimat

• What is he doing? (Question)
• What she is doing doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
  

2) Objek Pelengkap

• My question is what she is doing.
  

3) Objek Kata Kerja

• I really wonder what she is doing.
  

4) Objek Kata Depan

• We discussed about what she is doing.
  

Catatan:

Posisi kembali normal, tidak seperti posisi sebuah pertanyaan normal.

3. Request

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "that"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Objek Kata Kerja

• Read the book! (Request)
• He suggested that I read the book. (Noun Clause)
  
• Catatan:
  
  Tanda seru hilang.
  
  4. Exclamation
  
  a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "kata Tanya yang dipakai pada kalimat itu sendiri"
  
  b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:
  
  1) Objek Kata Kerja
  

• What a pretty girl she is? (Exclamation)
• I never realize what a pretty girl she is. (Noun Clause)
  

2) Objek Kata Depan

• We are talking about what a pretty girl she is.
  

Catatan Tambahan:

• Noun Clause dengan "that" digunakan sebagai subjek dari suatu kalimat hanya dengan kata kerja tertentu. Dan kata kerja (verb) yang penting adalah linking verb, khususnya BE.
• Noun Clause dengan "that" sering menjadi objek dari verb (kata kerja), beberapa verb berikut ini biasanya mempunyai subjek yang me�nunjukkan manusia. Kata-kata tersebut terutama sekali adalah verb yang digunakan dalam Indirect Speech Berta verb yang menyatakan kegiatan mental.
  

Contoh Noun Clause
1. Subject of the sentence:
What he gets makes his family proud
2. Direct object
I know where her house is
3. Indirect object:
The President will give whatever the Indonesia National Football Team gets an appreciation
4. Subjective Complement
That is what you want
5. Objective complement:
They will name their dog whatever they want to
6. Object of a prepositions:
The old lady cried for whatever his husband did
7. Appositive
John, whom i met yesterday, will be my new business partner
8. Object of a participle
Remembering what she promised, I tried to be better
9. Object of an infinitive
They requested me to notice what they spoke
10. Object of a gerund
Rejecting what he wants makes me unhappy

VERB

 Verb

Verbs (kata kerja) adalah kata yang menunjukkan nama perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh subyek, namun mungkin juga untuk menunjukkan keadaan. Verbs biasanya menjadi Predikat dari suatu kalimat.

Contoh:

• Henry comes from London.
• My brother studies in America.
• She is very beautiful.
• They are diligent.

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Macam-macam Kata Kerja

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1. Finite Verb (Kata Kerja Biasa)

Ciri-ciri Kata Kerja Jenis ini adalah sebagai berikut:

• Bila dipakai dalam kalimat tanya dan negative perlu memakai kata kerja bantu do, does atau did.
• Bentuknya dapat berubah-ubah oleh tense.
• Biasanya mempunyai bentuk-bentuk:
• Infinitive
• Present Participle
• Gerund
• Past Tense
• Present Tense
• Past Participle

Contoh:

• Ms. Anne reads a novel. (Infinitive)
• Ms. Anne is reading a novel. (Present Participle)
• Does Ms. Anne read a novel?
• Ms. Anne read a novel. (Past Tense)
• Ms. Anne has read a novel. (Past Participle)

2. Auxiliary Verbs (Kata Kerja Bantu)

Yaitu kata kerja yang digunakan bersama-sama dengan kata kerja lain untuk menyatakan tindakan atau keadaan, atau berfungsi untuk melengkapi fungsi gramatikal.

Kata Kerja Auxiliary adalah:

• Is, am, are
• Was, were
• Do, does, did
• Has, have, had
• Can, could
• May, might
• Will, would
• Shall, should
• Must
• Ought to
• Had better
• Need, Dare (Dapat juga berfungsi sebagai Kata Kerja Biasa)

3. Linking Verbs (Kata Kerja Penghubung)

Yaitu kata kerja yang berfungsi menghubungkan antara subject dengan complement-nya. Kata yang dihubungkan dengan subject tersebut dinamakan subject complement. Jika kata Kerja Penghubung tersebut kita gantikan dengan be (am, is, are, was, dll.), maka maknanya tidak berubah.

Linking Verbs yang umum adalah:

• be (am, is, are, was, dll.)
• look
• stay
• appear
• become        
• remain
• taste
• feel    
• seem  
• smell
• grow  
• sound

Contoh:

• The actress is beautiful.
• Alex looks serious. (= Alex is serious).
• The cakes smell delicious (=the cakes are delicious).

4. Transitive Verbs (Kata Kerja Yang Membutuhkan Objek)

Yaitu kata kerja yang memerlukan object untuk menyempurnakan arti kalimat atau melengkapi makna kalimat.

Kata kerja Transitive diantaranya adalah: Drink, watch, read, fill, open, close, dll

Contoh:

• He watches the film. (Kalimat ini tidak akan lengkap, jika "the film" kita hilangkan. Orang lain akan bertanya-tanya - menonton apa?, maka watch (menonton) membutuhkan object agar makna kalimat tersebut dapat dipahami).
• The man cuts the tree.

5. Intransitive Verbs (Kata Kerja Yang Tidak Membutuhkan Objek)

Yaitu adalah kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan obyek, karena sudah dapat dipahami dengan sempurna makna kalimat tersebut.

Kata-kata kerja yang termasuk Intransitive verbs diantaranya adalah: Shine, come, sit, boil, sleep, fall, cry, dll.

Contoh:

• The baby cries.
• My mother is sleeping.
• The water boils.

Catatan:

• Ada juga beberapa kata kerja yang dapat berfungsi sebagai transitive maupun intransitive verbs.

Contoh:

• He drops his bottles. (transitif)
• The rain drops from the sky. (intransitif)
• The contestants still misunderstood then. (transitif)
• The contestants still misunderstood. (intransitif)
• They grow the rubber trees. (transitif)
• Rice grows in the fertile soil. (intransitif)

Ada beberapa verb intransitive yang memakai Objective Noun yang mempunyai satu kesatuan makna dengan kata kerjanya. Objeknya disebut Cognate Object.

Contoh:

• He played the fool.                   (Dia bermain gila-gilaan).
• He laughs a hard laugh.            (Dia tertawa lebar).
• He slept a sound sleep.            (Dia tidur nyenyak).
• He died a miserable death.       (Dia mati melarat).

Ada beberapa verb transitive dan intransitive walaupun sudah mempunyai object tetapi artinya belum sempuma sebelum ditambah kata-kata lain.

Kata Kerja jenis ini diantaranya adalah: make, name, call, find, declare, suppose, consider, bring, give, appoint, seen, hear, dll.

Contoh:

• I will make you happy.
• I appoint him to be my assistant.

Ada juga kata kerja yang mempunyai pola sebagai berikut:

• Kata Kerja + Preposition + Object
• Kata Kerja + Preposition + Kata Kerja-ing

Contoh:

• We talked about the problem.
• She felt sorry for coming late.

Kata-kata kerja untuk pola kedua diantaranya adalah: succeed in, think about/of, dream of, dream about, approve of, look forward to, insist on, decide against, angry with, sorry for, thanks for, dll.

Ada juga Kata Kerja tertentu yang mempunyai pola sebagai berikut:

• Kata Kerja + Object + Preposition + Kata Kerja-ing

Contoh:

• They accused me of telling lies.
• Do you suspect the man of being a spy?
• I congratulated Bob on passing the exam.
• What prevented him from coming to the party?
• I thanked her for being so helpful.

6. Regular & Irregular Verbs

Regular Verb adalah kata kerja yang dapat berubah-ubah sesuai dengan bentuk tense; dan perubahan bentuk kata kerja itu secara teratur.

Contoh perubahan Kata Kerja jenis ini adalah:

• Call - called - called
• Admit - admitted - admitted
• Submit - submitted - submitted
• Invite - invited - invited

Irregular Verb adalah kata kerja yang mempunyai fungsi sama dengan regular verb, tetapi perubahan bentuk kata kerja ini secara tidak teratur.

Contoh perubahan kata kerja jenis ini adalah:

• Read - Read - Read
• Come - came - come
• Begin - began - begun
• Sleep - slept - slept